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“From the 1960s and to the 1980s or 1990s, we instituted a policy akin to a science policy. This is not strictly science policy; rather, it pertains to enhancing the research environment within universities. The formation of the TÜBİTAK Technology and Innovation Funding Programmes Directorate (TEYDEB), the Technology Development Foundation of Türkiye (TTGV), and
the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization (KOSGEB) established an institutional framework to facilitate industrial R&D. Following the establishment of this corporate organization, industrial R&D initiatives commenced. In recent years, the government has assumed a significantly more proactive role in science and technology policy. Some refer to it as mission-oriented policy in European terminology, while others designate it as a new industrial strategy. These policies encompass mechanisms through which the government actively establishes markets and provides support to specific industries and technologies to a limited degree using early-stage funding.”